These are sophomore and junior level courses designed to provide focused examples of the methods and results of anthropological research. The concepts present ed in the Introductory courses are applied to geographical areas and theoretical issues.

200. History of Anthropology. 3 hr.; 3 cr,
Prerequisites: 6 credits in anthropology or permission of instructor.

A survey of anthropological theories, methods, and practitioners from anthropology's inception to the present.

201. Essentials of Cultural Anthropology. 3 hr.; 3 cr,
Prerequisites: 6 credits in social science or sophomore standing.

Ethnography - the descriptive study of peoples - is the cornerstone of anthropological endeavor. This course explores the relationship between intensive examinations of small populations and broad interpretations of the human condition. Emphasis is placed on close analyses of ethnographies representing different theoretical positions.

203. Human Sexuality. 3 hr.; 3 cr,
Sexuality is examined from the perspective of both physical and cultural anthropology. Topics covered include: an examination of Western approaches to sexuality; the history of sexology with particular reference to the contributions of anthropologists; the evolution of sexual reproduction (with special reference to distinctively human aspects); sexual practices and ideology considered cross-culturally.

205. Peoples of Mexico and Central America. 3 hr.; 3 cr,
Prereq.: Six credits in social science or sophomore standing. +

206. Peoples of South America. 3 hr.; 3 cr,
Prereq.: Six credits in social science or sophomore standing. +

This course surveys, from ethnographic and theoretical perspectives, the social groups in conflict in contemporary Latin America. Special emphasis is laid upon accounting of the actual behavior of peasants, shantytown dwellers, the military, clergy, great capitalists, and the international financial community in the process of social conflict and revolution. Every effort will be made to provide a historical context for the conflicts of today, through lecture, reading, and film.

207. Native North Americans. 3 hr.; 3 cr,
Prereq.: Six credits in social science or sophomore standing.

208. Peoples of South Asia. 3 hr.; 3 cr,
Prereq.: Six credits in social science or sophomore standing. ++

209. Peoples of Europe. 3 hr.; 3 cr,
Prereq.: Six credits in social science or sophomore standing. ++

210. Peoples of East Asia. 3 hr.; 3 cr,
Prereq.: Six credits in social science or sophomore standing. ++

211. Peoples of Africa. 3 hr.; 3 cr,
Prereq.: Six credits in social science or sophomore standing. ++

212. Peoples of the Middle East. 3 hr.; 3 cr,
Prereq.: Six credits in social science or sophomore standing. ++

213. Peoples of the Contemporary United States. 3 hr.; 3 cr,
Prereq.: Six credits in social science or sophomore standing. ++

What is "American culture"? How is it understood and experienced by Native, white, black, Latino, and Asian Americans, and by persons of different gender, sexual orientation, age, religion, immigrant/citizen status, and economic position? Anthropologists engage these big questions in ethnographic case studies of particular groups and locales, and they interpret their findings within wider cultural, historical, and political economic contexts. Through ethnographies, films, and class lectures drawing on the instructor's fieldwork in Queens, this course applies anthropological thinking to current debate about race, immigration, family life, sexuality, youth culture, the elderly, religious pluralism, and economic transformation in the contemporary USA.

214. Peoples of New York City. 3 hr.; 3 cr,
Prereq.: Six credits in social science or sophomore standing. ++

215, 215W. Peoples of the Caribbean. 3 hr.; 3 cr,
Prereq.: Six credits in social science or sophomore standing. ++

This course addresses the culture and societies of the Caribbean. Because of the Caribbean's long history of economic exploitation and cultural diversity, it has been a region in which peoples meet. This has generated both innovation and enmity. Consequently, this course will examine relationships of the different groups which inhabit the region, their conflicts and creations, and the influence of global economic and political factors on the region.

219. Topics in Cultural Area Studies. 3 hr.; 3 cr,
Prereq.: Six credits in social science or sophomore standing.

Topics will be announced. This course may be repeated provided the topic is not the same. ++

222. Sex, Gender and Culture. 3 hr.; 3 cr,
Prereq.: Six credits in social science or sophomore standing.

This course will examine the social construction of gender in a wide range of cultures. Beginning with the question of the degree to which gender roles are biologically determined, we will focus our attention on the divergence of gender roles and the nature of gender inequality throughout the world. We will analyze power dynamics between men and women at the household level, the community level, and in the larger context of the state for a variety of societies ranging from foragers in Africa to peasants in China, to professionals in the United States. We will discuss the ways in which women in different cultures obtain degrees of autonomy and power within their cultural contexts. The course will draw on theoretical and ethnographic readings dealing primarily with non-western societies. +

223. Family, Kin and Friends. 3 hr.; 3 cr,
Prereq.: Six credits in social science or sophomore standing.

The goal of this course is to understand the changes occurring in contemporary family, kin, and friend relationships by an evolutionary and comparative examination of such structures from other times and other cultures. ++

224. Religion: Belief and Ritual. 3 hr.; 3 cr,
Prereq.: Six credits in social science or sophomore standing. ++

225. Medical Anthropology. 3 hr.; 3 cr,
Prereq.: Six credits in social science or sophomore standing.

This course focuses on the interaction of cultural, biological, and ecological factors that may influence human health. Specific areas to be covered will include the transmission of infectious disease, nutritional deficiencies, and inherited diseases. +

227. Educational Anthropology. 3 hr.; 3 cr,
Prereq.: Six credits in social science or sophomore standing.

Anthropological approaches to the study of education and culture transmission in this and other societies. A consideration of education as a cultural institution from the cross-cultural perspective. ++

229. Practicing Anthropology. 3 hr.; 3 cr,
Prereq.: Nine credits in anthropology or instructor's permission.

This course offers a brief overview of the field of Practicing (Applied) Anthropology. Beginning with a history of the field and through selected case studies, it examines the reciprocal relationship between general theory and practice, looks at the ethical and intellectual problems confronted by anthropologists when they make or enable government policy, and describes the various areas - health, education, intercultural communication, business, social services, government, law - which currently employ anthropologists to solve problems. ++

231W. Music, Culture and Society. 3 hr.; 3 cr,
Prereq.: Six credits in social science or sophomore standing, and English 110.

In examining the social and cultural significance of music, this course focuses on representing the relationship between music, culture and society through writing. No knowledge of music theory is required.

233. Race, Class and Ethnicity. 3 hr.; 3 cr,
Prereq.: Six credits in social science or sophomore standing.

Physical differences among human populations are complex, continuous and include many more invisible than visible traits. After brief consideration of human genetic variation around the world, we examine cultural schemes that segment and compress this diversity into a small number of "races." Racial systems emerge in particular historical and cultural settings, always involve differences in power, and vary from society to society. Readings and lectures focus on inequality and its relationship to concepts of race, ethnicity, and class in different parts of the world. ++

234. Food and Culture. 3 hr.; 3 cr,
Prereq.: Six credits in social science or sophomore standing.

This course introduces students to anthropological concepts and research that bear on the subjects of food, eating, nutrition, and disease. Topics covered include origins of human food-related behaviors; changing dietary patterns as revealed by archaeology and physical anthropology; cultural aspects of diet, disease, and malnutrition; the relationship between diet and social organization, as well as symbolic aspects of human food taboos and preferences. +

235. Essentials of Practical Culture Study. 3 hr.; 3 cr,
Prereq.: Anthropology 101, 102, and 104.

Through classroom instruction and practical exercises, both in Anthropology's Cultural Diversity Laboratory and in the field, students will develop the practical skills, specific abilities, and anthropological perspectives essential for successfully conducting and reporting the ethnographic field experience. +

238. Research Design and Method. 3 hr.; 3 cr,
Prereq.: Six credits in anthropology.

This course shows students how anthropologists go about answering the questions they ask. We look at how research is designed, how data are collected and analyzed, and how empirical results are presented. Students will learn the fundamentals of sampling, descriptive and inferential statistics, and techniques for displaying relationships graphically. ++

239. 239W Topics in Cultural Anthropology. 3 hr.; 3 cr,
Prereq.: Six credits in social science or sophomore standing.

Topics will be announced. The Course may be repeated provided the topic is not the same. It may be offered as a Writing Intensive Course. ++

240. Essentials of Archaeology. 3 hr.; 3 cr,
Prereq.: Six credits in social science or sophomore standing.

An examination of archaeological techniques and methods of interpretation that provide the basis for reconstruction of the lifeways of past cultures.

241. The Aztecs, Maya, and Olmecs. 3 hr.; 3 cr,
Prereq.: Six credits in social science or sophomore standing.

The development of complex societies in Mexico and Central America focusing on the Olmecs, Maya, Aztecs, Mixtecs, and Teothuacan. Pre-16th century development of agriculture, the concept of zero, intricate calendars, writing, political and religious hierarchies, and immense ceremonial architecture in relation to general explanations for the emergence and collapse of complex societies. ++

242, 242W. Archaeology of Europe. 3 hr.; 3 cr,
Prereq.: Six credits in social science or sophomore standing.

This lecture course traces the major themes in the cultural development of Europe. From the florescence of Paleolithic art through the spread of Indo-European languages to the impact of the Roman Empire on the Celtic world, this course tracks the changing forms of social integration. ++

243. Archaeology of North America. 3 hr.; 3 cr,
Prereq.: Six credits in social science or sophomore standing.

Examines the development of North American cultures from the arrival of humans on the continent, through the impact of European colonization. ++

245. Archaeology of South America. 3 hr.; 3 cr.
Prereq.: Six credits in social science or sophomore standing. Examines the development of cultures from the first peopling of South America to the arrival of the Europeans. ++

246. Anthropology of Ancient Egypt. 3 hr.; 3 cr. 
Prereq.: Six credits in social science or sophomore standing.

Using data from archaeology, hieroglyphs and cultural anthropology, this course provides a dynamic portrait of the way of life of ancient Egypt. It also sheds light on changing attitudes towards Egypt and explains our fascination with this ancient culture through the centuries. Illustrated with slides and films, this course requires field trips to museum collections. ++

247. Anthropology of Ireland. 3 hr.; 3 cr. 
Prereq.: English 110. Six credits in social science or sophomore standing.

The development of Irish society from initial settlement by foraging peoples through the development of agriculture and metallurgy to the origins of chiefdoms and states. Special attention is given to the Celtic Iron Age Society. ++

249. Topics in Archaeological Area Studies.3 hr.; 3 cr.
Prereq.: Six credits in social science or sophomore standing or permission of instructor.

Topics will be announced. Course may be repeated provided the topic is not the same. ++

250 Field Methods in Archaeology. 250.1-250.6, 1-6 hr.; 1-6 cr.,
Excavations at the Bowne House
Prereq.: Anthropology 103 or 240.

Field training in archaeological survey and excavation in actual selected field sites. Basic archaeological field techniques will be taught and students will develop skills in scientific data-recording procedures.  Prehistoric sites will be located, mapped, and described, and cultural materials will be recovered in the field for subsequent laboratory analysis.  Course may be retaken, for a maximum combined total of 6 credits.++

251. Archaeological Analysis of Pottery .3 hr.; 3 cr.
Prereq.: Anthropology 103 or 240.

This course provides students with "hands on" experience in lab analysis of archaeological pottery. Enrollment is limited to 12. ++

253. Archaeological Analysis of Stone Tools.3 hr.; 3 cr.


Prereq.: Anthropology 103 or 240.

With a combination of lectures, labs, and field trips, this course shows how archaeologists analyze stone tools. Trips to prehistoric quarries, experiments with stone tool production and use, and lab analysis of excavated stone tools provide "hands on" experience. Enrollment is limited to 12. +

259. Topics in Archaeology. 3 hr.; 3 cr.
Prereq.: Anthropology 103 or 240.

Topics will be announced. Course may be repeated provided the topic is not the same. ++

260. Essentials of Biological Anthropology. 3 hr.; 3 cr.
Prereq.: Anthropology 102 or any college biology course.

Focuses on the process of human biological evolution.

262. Introduction to Primates. 3 hr.; 3 cr.,
Prereq.: Anthropology 102 or permission of department.

A comprehensive overview of the Order Primates from both a biological and a behavioral/ecological focus, this course examines the similarities and differences between human and primate behavior and biology and their implications for human evolution. +

270. Human Disease. 3 hr.; 3 cr.
Prereq.: Anthropology 102 or any college biology course.

This course is an introduction to the principles and methods used by epidemiologists to determine the causes and study the distribution of diseases in human populations. Cultural aspects of disease are integrated with archaeology and physical anthropology in a broad historical survey to illustrate the impact of disease on historic populations. +

272. The Human Skeleton. 3 hr.; 3 cr.,
Prereq.: Anthropology 102 or any college biology course.

Using an anthropological and evolutionary perspective, this course combines an anatomical and functional approach in order to acquaint students with the human skeleton and identification of skeletal remains. Also introduces students to metric studies a nd to the use of osteometric and anthropometric instruments. ++

275. Disease in Prehistory. 3 hr.; 3 cr.
Prereq.: Anthropology 102 or any college biology course.

Health and biocultural adaptations in prehistoric populations will be explored by examining the effects that stressors such as infectious disease, poor nutrition, traumatic injury, and occupational hazards have on the skeletal system. ++

279. Topics in Biological Anthropology. 3 hr.; 3 cr.
Prereq.: Anthropology 102 or 260 or any college biology course.

Topics will be announced. Course may be repeated provided the topic is not the same. ++

280./LCD 280. Language and Social Identity.  3 hr.; 3 cr.
Prereq.:  6 credits in social science, in courses in the Department of Linguistics and Communication Disorders, or  by permission of instructor.

This course will introduce the linguistic and social theories that are used to examine the relationship between identities and the use of language.  It explores these issues through reading ethnographic accounts and conducting projects in conversational analysis. +

285./LCD 205. Sociolinguistics.  3 hr.; 3 cr.
Prereq.: Anth 108/LCD101, or LCD 105, or Anth 104/LDC104

Introduction to the study of the relationship between language and society.  Socio-cultural factors which influence language form, use, and history.

289. Topics in Linguistic Anthropology. 3 hr.; 3 cr.
Prereq.: 6 credits in social science or in courses in the Department of Linguistics and Communication Disorders, or sophomore standing, or by permission of instructor.

Topics will be announced. Course may be repeated once for credit provided the topic is different.

290W. Topics in Anthropology. 3 hr.; 3 cr.
Prereq.: English 110.

This course will have exams that include essay questions and 10-15 pages of writing (either several short papers or one longer paper done in stages).  Opportunity will be provided for students to receive  feedback or their writing and for explanation of the necessary ingredients of  a good paper and good writing.  May be repeated for credit provided the topic is different.

295.  Independent Studies in Anthropology.   295.1-295.6, 1-6 hr.; 1-6 cr.:
Prereq.: Three of the introductory anthropology courses (101, 102, 103, 104), one course from among Anthropology 201, 235, 240 or 260, and permission of the instructor.

This course permits a student, under the supervision of a faculty member, to plan, propose, and once approved, conduct an individualized program of independent study on a topic of anthropologically related interest or concern.  May be repeated for a maximum of 6 credits.